The politics of deficits, surpluses, borrowing and debt Essay - 1

The politics of deficits, surpluses, borrowing and debt - Essay Example A diverse empirical literature is provided by research based on industry level-data [Rajan and Zingales 1998; Wurgler 2000], time-series research [Neusser and Kugler 1998; Rousseau and Wachtel 1998, 2000], and econometric investigations that use panel techniques [Beck, Levine, and Loayza, 2000] supports the view that financial systems are essential for economic growth. While a strong relationship exists how sound and well-functioning financial markets impact economic growth, Beck et al raise a critical question: ‘How did some countries develop well-functioning financial systems, while others did not? Why do some countries have particular laws and enforcement mechanisms that support the operation of free, competitive financial markets, while others do not?’ (2001, p.2). Particularly, why do some countries post huge budget surplus amounts while other states suffer prolonged effects of massive budget deficits? According to Petersen (1999), governments face the fundamental issue of using credit and raising funds in the present that will be repaid in the future with interest, a cost just like any other economic choice. Governments usually borrow in order to finance deficits (easier than to raise taxes), stabilize the economy in the short term and invest in productive infrastructure and economy upskilling in the long-term. Foreign borrowing allows a country to invest and consume beyond the limits of current domestic production and, in effect, finance capital formation not only by mobilizing domestic savings but also by tapping savings from capital surplus countries (Narayanan 2002). Petersen notes that national governments face more options in this regard because it has control over the money supply as well as the operation of the banking system and credit markets than its local counterparts but argues that the more open that national economies have developed, â€Å"the more even those opti ons are curbed by the workings of the international economy†

InTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

InTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN BUSINESS - Assignment Example Conventional theory argues that liberation in trade should benefit the developing countries more than it benefitted the developed countries because globalisation is supposed to assist the countrys joining the bigger economies have access to their markets. On the contrary, it is the developed countries which have been gaining instead. On April 10, 2006, immediately after the director general had announced that they were planning to implement the Doha strategy some countries like U.S started demanding benefits for its own economy in case they provide aid to LDCs. I agree; WTO is meant to improve comprative advantage and hence increase international trade. WTO has made progressive in balancing trade between developed countries and developing countries, however, for globalization to be achieved, WTO will have to lower export tarrrifs for LCDs. Also developed countries should provide a good political

Global Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Nursing - Research Paper Example   Ã‚   In an attempt to explain global nursing, Sister Roy gives metatheory and philosophical perspectives. Several discussions were held on the nature of the knowledge applied or required of a nurse. Issues such epistemology and the nature of both the person and nursing were debated upon and Roy realized that the major developments undertaken by the nurses were not captured in the journals and thus major issues affecting the nurses were not attended to (Roy & Jones, 2007).   Sister Roy states that knowledge has been reflected as covering a larger part of the human the health relation between humans and environmental from the beginning of the century as it is stated in the concepts explained in theoretical nursing (Roy & Jones, 2007). The need that nursing should be understood in the perspective of the practice of the nature of nursing took root in the 20th century. Since 1970 there have been several approaches that are influencing the development of nursing knowledge. Several au thors and theoreticians have done several other publications regarding the various developments of knowledge in the field of nursing (Meleis, 2011).  Ã‚  A global definition of the position of nursing paradigm is given by sister Roy. This tends to address the knowledge that is supposed to be known in the nursing field. Paradigmatic refers to the nursing literature. Several other theorists were arguing about the risks incurred by emphasizing the same approach. Paradigmatic resulted to distinguishing several sectors of knowledge required by nurses.

Identify design mechanism that (1) Engages the audience in the story, Essay

Identify design mechanism that (1) Engages the audience in the story, (2) Enhances a visual message, and (3) Provides any histor - Essay Example Conflict arises when the two characters fall madly in love with each other before knowing about their families’ long lived dispute. The two fights for their love and finds ways to be together despite all odds. The story ends in a tragic note when a misunderstanding of their plan of escape led to Romeo’s suicide, which then led to Juliet taking her own life too. Romeo and Juliet is said to be â€Å"a timeless love story that's been done again and again† (Jernigan). It is commonly presented in local and international theaters either as a traditional live performance or on the silver screen. Famous movie versions of the text include George Cukor’s version in 1936, Franco Zeffirelli’s version in 1968, and the most recent version was Baz Luhrmann’ version in 1996 starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes (Luhrmann). Shakespeare’s language is used in Luhrmann’s filmed version in an interesting, trendy, contemporary setting. The film features a composition of romance, action, violence, and music, executing a strong 90’s vibe.   Principles of design are concepts used to organize elements that make up a composition. It affects the expression of text content and the process of message communication (Jirousek). It is essential in film production and is interestingly applied in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet. Principles of design include balance, proportion, rhythm, emphasis and unity. The opening scene of the movie shows a vintage television news broadcast of a lady saying the famous lines; â€Å"Two households both alike in dignity in fair Verona where we lay our †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is the text’s prologue made into the movie introduction. These lines are repeatedly shown while an introduction of supporting characters and antagonists is being made. This design mechanism falls under the concept of emphasis, which is defined as a compositional device made to draw attention to specific details, b ecause that area is meant to be seen. Emphasis can also be considered a way of delivering of a text’s focal point (Moore). In the aforementioned prologue movie introduction scene, emphasis is made to deliver the message on how heavy the conflict is between Capulet and Montague. The repeated lines not only tell the story of the wrath between the families, but screenshots of the church, war, violence and chaos over the city tells how the wrath between the families affect the societies their living in. Moreover, big establishments, random sign boards, religious images and other related icons suggest the living age of where the story is set. These elements also reflect the current culture of the setting displayed, i.e. for example, the constant flashing of religious monuments, the crucifix inside the Montague’s limousine and the Tybalt of Capulet’s shirt all suggest the religious underlying context in the film, despite all the violence happening between the two part ies. This could also be seen as the director’s way of inflicting the original setting of which the text was made. A further discussion of this will be made in the latter part of this paper. In the opening scene, the rhythm of the whole movie is also presented. Moore describes rhythm as a principle of design which tackles a repetition of recurrent themes, like simply painting a pattern in which a beat is designed for a certain flow of storytelling to be achieved. The rhythm of the

Compagnie Generale des Eaux Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compagnie Generale des Eaux - Case Study Example The efforts of Guy Dejouany express the company's commitment in maximizing its financial resources by putting them in different investment opportunities. The leader should also be noted for his effort in minimizing company risk by not putting all its investment in a single industry. In contrast, he tried to distribute risk by putting the company's fund in various industries. Guy Dejouany also broadened intensified the influence of CGE by broadening its reach and market base. By establishing presence in industries where the company has no previous operation, CGE gained more bargaining power through its large size and coverage. However, it should also be noted that the choice of which industry to diversify into is the sole choice of Dejouany according to his personal experiences and relationships instead of generating more formal business analyses. The leader has launched aggressive efforts in order to ward off competition or strengthen the business organization's position against its rivals. In terms of management style, Guy Dejouany can be characterized as a charismatic leader who influenced people through his personality. Though engaged in a wide array of businesses, decision making is highly centralized emanating from a superior who very much involved in the operations of each business unit. During his administration, transactions and relationships have operated on trust while no significant attention is put on the performance of his subordinates. Models of Diversification Employed by Dejouany Keeping in mind that CGE has started as a player in the water utility business, the company's efforts to diversify in health care, transport, telecommunication, and real estate sectors represent a move toward unrelated diversification. With this, it should be noted that Dejouany employed conglomerate diversification or opting to deliver new products to new markets which are the currently not served. In other instances, he also utilized vertical diversification by acquiring business organizations which are in the same value chain. Basing decisions solely in his relationships and personal experiences, Dejouany had undoubtedly entered industries which are highly unrelated. Conglomerate diversification has been used in order to manage the complexity of various businesses under a single portfolio. However, instead of utilizing the company's resources to execute similar processes within business units, CGE maintained the separation between its business entities. In contrast to the typical strategy of acquiring promising small companies, CGE opted to establish new companies which will serve new clients. There has also been no establish relationship between business units and often, subsidiaries are unaware that they are a part of a single organization. Problems in the 1990s The year 1990s sees the near collapse of CGE because of its disastrous financial and overall performance. The problems of the business organization can be traced to its larger business environment and issues inherent to its operation and governance. As discussed above, the decisions within CGE are solely made by Dejouany who build businesses

Global Business Prespective Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Business Prespective - Coursework Example Companies that follow the international strategy tend to sell locally produced goods and services in foreign market while making certain amendments to their offerings in compliance with foreign market needs. 2. Product shaping is one of the diversification strategies that can be implemented by an organization through strategic management. Organizations that adopt this strategy tend to indulge in the development of a new product for a market that already exists (Hitt, 2009). For example: In India there was a strong existing market for carbonated drinks that was being served by Pepsi Corporation. Later Coca-Cola Company even started offering carbonated drinks in India. This strategy may not always be successful because the current market may already be loyal to another organization that is satisfying their needs and may be reluctant in changing from the already present provider. 3. The term franchising is used to refer to the license that one company operating in a particular nation offers to another company an individual which allows them to operate a similar company in their local regions with the same name (Hitt, 2009). Franchisors can earn revenue from franchisees by obtaining fee revenue which is an upfront payment that a franchisee pays to the franchisor for opening up a franchise with the same name. Franchisors even earn through royalties which is a certain percentage of the total revenue that has been earned by the franchisee. 4. Micro loan is a term used to refer to the money that is lent by a financial institution or the government in order to decrease poverty in their nation (Hitt, 2009). The purpose of microloan is to provide money to the poor and needy people who cannot obtain loans from commercial banks as commercial banks charge higher interests and have a very stringent repayment solution. Micro loans

Discuss critically contemporary international approaches (e.g. World Essay

Discuss critically contemporary international approaches (e.g. World Bank, Financial Stability Board) to consumer credit regulat - Essay Example This reform has been accounted due to the growth in the consumer credits and rise in the numbers of consumer credit institutions1. Contextually, consumer credit is considered as a key driver of economic growth as it is used for the payment of services holding a major proportion of the industrial contribution obtained by any economy in the modern world2. In a general sense, consumer credit is that commodity, which is produced by the private sectors and then sold to the consumers. These regulations are fixed for the sale, available in a wide range of varieties. The most commonly observed regulations in the consumer credit are the price and the interest rates. The information and disclosure regulations are also persistent regarding the debt collection aspects in a particular country, also seemed to be an important aspect to the regulators and legislators as well3. In a recent affair, the European Commission (EC) has denoted the significant role of consumer credit in the growth of nation al economy and also the well being of the consumers and thus, it is seeking to adopt the credit regulation across the country4. The government has further planned to implement the policy of credit regulation across the country so as to regulate strong credit markets all over the nation along with the minimisation of the risk of debt. The strategic approach and aim of adopting the consumer credit regulation along with the objective further differs from one state to another. It can be well understood with the example of both Germany and France, which possess rates at a lower level ceiling along with lower legal maximums. Illustratively, the most stringently market based approach has been adopted by the UK with no rates of ceiling5. The government of the UK had introduced Consumer Credit Act 1974 in its constitution, which focuses on the protection of the consumers and control of traders along with taking due measures to implement the provisions of credit being regulated by the Directo r General of Fair Trading6. In this essay, the major concern has been drawn with the attention towards the critical evaluation of the contemporary international approaches to the consumer credit regulation. The essay has described the concept of consumer credit regulations in respect of the practical case study referrals of World Bank and Financial Stability Board. Defining Consumer Credit Regulation As per the subsidiary legislation of the UK in 2010, the ‘consumer credit regulation’ has been broken into words, viz. Customers and Credit, for drawing a clear understanding of the term. In accordance, consumer is a person who is responding to the trade or business under the regulations of the transaction7. On the other hand, the creditor is that person who has made a commitment to grant credits for performing trade and business. Thus, the consumer credit regulation implies the act that has been developed by the government body for the protection of the consumer and the cr editor performing a trade or business. One of the useful terms that are usually used in the definition of consumer credit regulation is the credit agreement. It is that contract between the consumer and