Quotes on Funny Thoughts to Make You Smile

Have you ever had a funny thought pop into your brain? Maybe you put a couple of things together and realized it told a truth in a quirky way. Our brains often have a natural comedian deep inside and you might even make yourself laugh. Then when you stop and think about thinking, things start getting a little weird. Famous thinkers and witty people might seem to have more funny thoughts, but we have the benefit of only seeing their really good material. You might be inspired by a humorous remark, or hearing about an incident that causes you to giggle. Share your funny thoughts with others and see how you create a riot of laughter around you. If you need some help, read these funny thoughts of well-known people. Will Rogers Everything is funny, as long as its happening to somebody else.   Robert  Frost The brain a wonderful organ.  It starts working the moment you get up in the morning and does not stop until you get into the office. Charles Schulz Sometimes I lie awake at night, and I ask, Where have I gone wrong? Then a voice says to me, This is going to take more than one night. Friedrich Nietzsche All things are subject to interpretation whichever interpretation prevails at a given time is a function of power and not  truth. Miguel de Cervantes Sanity may be madness but the maddest of all is to see life as it is and not as it should be. Norm Papernick Those who can laugh without cause have either found the true meaning of happiness or have gone stark raving mad. Ethel Barrymore You grow up the day you have your first real laugh — at yourself.   Reba McEntire To succeed in life, you need three things: a wishbone, a backbone, and a funnybone.   Isaac Asimov People who think they know everything are a great annoyance to those of us who do. Abraham Lincoln No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar. Oscar Wilde The public is wonderfully tolerant. It forgives everything except genius. The public have an insatiable curiosity to know everything, except what is worth knowing.   Victor Borge Santa Claus has the right idea - visit people only once a year. Edward Gibbon Beauty is an outward gift which is seldom despised, except by those to whom it has been refused. Quentin Crisp The trouble with children is that theyre not returnable. George Bernard Shaw Love is a gross exaggeration of the difference between one person and everybody else. Joe Namath Until I was thirteen, I thought my name was shut up. Mark Twain While the rest of the species is descended from apes, redheads are descended from cats. Ogden Nash Middle age is when youve met so many people that every new person you meet reminds you of someone else. The Cable Guy You know what the trouble about real life is? Theres no danger music.

Culture and Cultural Adaptation Essay - 913 Words

To what extent are you convinced by Tange’s (2005) position regarding cultural adaptation? Introduction It is widely known that in the period of globalization more and more people face the issue of intercultural communication. Communication for two people from different cultures is very challenging to some extent. The notion of culture is very sophisticated. In addition, many studies have been conducted which indicate that every person to some degree experiences ‘culture shock’. Culture shock itself depends on several factors, namely the distance between cultures, type of personality and previous experiences in intercultural communication. This essay considers the work of Danish teacher of intercultural communication Hanne Tange (Tange†¦show more content†¦Finally, Tange pointed out that companies could benefit more by stationing employees in a foreign country at least for two or three years. Evaluation Several studies exist which provide some model of acculturation (Lysgaard 1955; Hofstede 2001). To the large extent the presented models of cultural adaptation are similar. Tange’s study is no exception. The difference between them could be primarily the chosen methodology. In order to obtain a relatively comprehensive knowledge of cultural adaptation, the approach which combines qualitative method with quantitative should be taken. One obvious weakness of Tange’s is the methodology taken. Her argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of data. Moreover, only seven individuals in comparison Lysgaard’s more than 200 interviewees cannot represent the majority people, that is it is not convincible. Therefore, by means of raising the number of interviewees this work could be more reliable. Another limitation of her study as she acknowledges, is an absence of any recording of her discourses. First of all, there is every likelihood that Tange could intentionally or not omit important parties of the conversation and it resulted in the misrepresented overall picture. In addition, without some relevant quotations of her interviewees, it is difficult to perceive exact meaning. Moreover, she did not provide information concerningShow MoreRelatedCulture Shock And Cultural Adaptation1402 Words   |  6 PagesCulture shock is generally describes the uneasiness, stress as well as anxiety an individual feels when they encounter an unfamiliar cultural background, as a result of loosing familiar cues along with meanings associated with behavior and communication. Culture shock is thus an experience that happens to a person in every sphere of life when they face different lifestyles and world perceptions whether with regards to education, health or jobs among others. While residents or natives may take forRead MoreThe U Curve Model Of Adaptation1623 Words   |  7 Pagesof adapting cultural values among Africans migrants in China. The results of the analysis points out the process of adaptation followed by the influencing factors of adaptation and finally the challenges faced in the process of adaptation. By using the U-curve model of adaptation, which explained the four stages of adaptation (honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment), the study is based on the assumption that Africans migrants follow the same process and/or stages of adaptation. The U-curveRead MoreForeign Students And Other Socio Cultural Contexts Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesAt present there is a growing volume of students who migrate from one Culture to another, which represents a phenomenon that requires understanding the process Of adaptation or acculturation to the different socio-cultural contexts. I will begin by defining the term foreign students, it refers to Individuals who reside voluntarily and temporarily in a country that is not their own in order to participate in the international educational exchange, intending to Return to their country of originRead MoreCultural Adaptation And Change : A New World1020 Words   |  5 Pagesto adapt to their new world, cultures also need to adapt and change to things that are new in a society. This paper will argue the importance for cultures to adapt to changes as well as comparing two authorities on adaptation and change. Cultural Adaption and Change Cultural adaptation and change happens when you are introduced into a new culture therefore needing or having to adapt to the new environment. Another way is when new technology, medicine or other culture is introduced and the majorityRead MoreEssay about Understanding Culture820 Words   |  4 PagesCulture, is defined by Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary, as the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon mans capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. People learn about culture through interaction rather than through the memorization of a text. To become fluent in any one culture you have to experience it and become involved. 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We know going to another country can be scary, but we can learn new things from them and they can learnRead MoreCultural Shock Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesCultural shock is the reaction to cultural differences after moving to a foreign country. It can be triggered by differences in food, social customs, and language. The four phases of cultural shock are the honeymoon, rejection, regression, and adjustment phases (Levine). The honeymoon phase is characterized by an excitement for new surroundings. During the rejection phase, frustration replaces the excitement; inconvenient cultural differences become more noticeable, and adjustment is difficult. TheRead MoreThe Understanding Of An Individual Culture Background1334 Words   |  6 Pages We know that culture intelligence is related to cross-culture competence. The understanding of an individual culture background. My key objective is that people fail to adjust to understand new cultures, behavioral, cognitive, and motivational aspect of other cultures. Before anyone goes to a foreign country for a new job, living or visiting, we should educate ourselves before taking that journey. We know going to another country can be scary, but we can learn new things from them and they can learn

Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation Limited

Question: Discuss about the Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation Limited. Answer: Introduction The legal notion and definition of a company has undergo tremendous change with time as modifications have been made to both legislative and judicial definition of a company. In the judicial interpretation of a company and the following statutes, one case that manages to stand out is the Saloman v Saloman Co Ltd 1897 AC 22 (hl). This case can be considered as the founder of the modern company law as it established one of the central tenets which resolve about the limited liability of the company which is essentially a separate legal entity different from the underlying owners. Before reflecting on the key principles identified in the Solomon case, it is worthwhile to revisit some relevant facts of this historic case (Forji, 2007). Aron Solomon operated his merchant business under the sole proprietor business structure and dealt with leather boots manufacturing. Since, his son took keen interest in the business, he changed the business structure to a limited company which was named Salomon Co. Ltd. At the time, a limited company required atleast seven members or shareholders. As a result, Solomon formed a company with a total of 20,007 shares out of which 20,001 were owned by Solomon and the remaining six shareholders (i.e. his spouse and children) held one share each. The business was sold for a consideration of 39,000 which included a debt payable to Solomon to the tune of 10,000. Thus, this represented an interesting situation where the main shareholder also was acting as the primary creditor.The liquidators later argued that the underlying debentures issued to secure the debt were not valid and hence Solomon was accused of committing a fraud (Cassidy, 2007). The matter landed in court with the court ruling that company creation was to facilitate business transfer only and hence it is an agent for the principal (Solomon), thus holding him liable to pay the outstanding debt of unsecured creditors. The Court of Appeal (CoA) also endorsed the stance taken by the court advocating that company structure was only a means to ensure business activities could be conducted while ensuring protection under limited liability clause available under a company(Harris, 2014).. But the decision taken by the CoA was quashed by the House of Lords which reflected on the literal interpretation of 1862 Companies Act and opined that the act does not have any condition for the minority shareholders and the majority shareholders to be independent of each other(Harris, 2015). Further, it was also opined that judges should not reflect upon the statute limitations and instead implement the same in their existing form. Thus, this verdict in the Solomon case clearly es tablished that the corresponding rights and obligations for members in respect of shares is limited to only the profit share and investment of capital respectively (Parker et. al., 2012). Doctrine Of Seperate Legal Entity It is apparent from the above case verdict that one central tenet that this case developed was that the company needs to be considered as a separate legal which is distinguished from the owners or shareholders and thus particular rule has stood the test of time and in relation to the Anglo-Saxon courts continues till the present day. Since the company is an independent entity, hence for the various actions and decision, only it would be held responsible and not the corresponding agents. This has been highlighted in the Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1923] AC 723where Lord Sumner delivered the following commentary (Baxt, Fletcher Friedman, 2008). Between the investor, who participates as a shareholder, and the undertaking carried on, the law interposes another person, real though artificial, the company itself, and the business carried on is the business of that company, and the capital employed is its capital and not in either case the business or the capital of the shareholders. Assuming, of course, that the company is duly formed and is not a shamthe idea that it is mere machinery for affecting the purposes of the shareholders is a laymans fallacy. It is a figure of speech, which cannot alter the legal aspect of the facts. A case in the Australian context which reaffirms the above principle is the MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1989] 3 All ER 523 case in which it was opined that a key aspect which has contributed to the creation of logical symmetry in industrial feudalism is that the various industrial enterprises need to be treated as legal entities akin to individuals. This principle has immense support both from the legislators but also from the judges in various nations that follow the Anglo-Saxon system (Australia being one of them). Consequently, this principle has been explicitly outlined in Corporations Act 2001 in the Section 124 and thus providing it statutory backing. Further, even since the Solomon case, this particular doctrine has received quite an immense support from the judges based on Australian and UK who tend to apply this quite widely (Cassidy, 2013). Another doctrine established by this case is that the liabilities of shareholders in accordance with common law is limited to the only the capital investment made initially and thus these must not be held liable for any debts outstanding or defaulted by the company. This principle has been endorsed in the The King v Portus; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia [1949] HCA 53; 79 CLR 428case where the judge opined that the as the company and the owners are two different entities and hence the obligations arising from the actions taken on the name of the company would have to be directly borne by the company only and not be the shareholders or employees (Li and Riley, 2009). Theoretical Basis Seperate Legal Entity Considering the wide application and popularity of the personification of the company, it makes sense to critically analyze the theoretical and practical basis for the same which hints at the underlying usefulness of this concept. The various theories dealing with corporate entity tend to extend the need that companies must be given artificial personality for practical reasons. The concession theorists opine that the state has given a privilege in the form of corporate personality which tends to enhance the overall convenience in business and legal terms (Pathinayake. 2014). The contractarian viewpoint in this regard debates that there is a reduction in transaction costs brought about by the corporation law as the underlying corporate charter tends to provide for all those rights which a reasonable shareholder would insist on. This understanding forms the very basis of corporate law and is endorsed by various aggregate theorists, Together these theorists are extremely appreciative of the critical part that the Salomon principle plays in identification of corporation as a legal entity and thus providing it with the power to enter into contractual relationship with the outsiders for the performance of business activities (Forji, 2007). Practical Basis Seperate Legal Entity The utility of the Solomon principle is not limited to the theoretical underpinnings but is equally endorsed by the practitioners of the corporate law. It is imperative that providing the company a legal entity and distinguishing the same from the shareholders serves a crucial function of ensuring the business is not constructed around human beings(Cirto Symes, 2013). The main reason for this that the duration of the human being typically is limited and short unlike that of the organizations which are potentially set up to survive till eternity and thus are permanent in nature. In line with s. 124, a company is essentially an artificial person and thus the underlying form is metaphysical and not physical (Parker et. al., 2012). Further, law has also permitted the company to perform various functions that an individual could have performed such as entering into contracts, taking loans and being responsible to the various parties for the conduct. The only difference is that while an i ndividual can perform the above functions on his/her own while the same is not feasible for a company which takes and enacts decisions through the agents which refer to the management and employees (Lipton, 2015). The various powers of the company along with the relevant cases are as listed below (Forji, 2007). Power to sue a particular party and to be sued by other (Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189) Continuous and perpetual succession for the corporation (Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1942] UKHL 1) Power to execute contracts with various parties (Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd. [1925] AC 619) Additionally, limited liability upheld through Solomon principle ensures the minimization of costs associated with control and ownership separation. This is because under the limited liability of shareholders and stakeholders, there is a reduced need to monitor the various shareholders along with the management. Also, the transfer of shares in the entity facilitated by limited liability tends to act as an potent management incentive for improving upon their performance. Further, through the aegis of limited liability, shares become tradable and marketable which owing to increased trading and corresponding market transactions leads to better information sharing about the financial performance and corporate decision making. Besides, diversification of share holdings is also made possible through limited liability (Lipton, 2015). Criticism Exceptions Seperate Legal Entity While the above discussion highlights the utility of the Solomon principles in reality, however, the verdict also has faced criticism from various quarters. In wake of these concerns, it is imperative that the Solomon principle need not be applied rigidly but with enough flexibility so as not to shield the parties with wrong intentions. If the legal personification of company is applied without taking into consideration the case facts and the underlying intent of the shareholders, it is quite possible that the demerits of this clause may outweigh the various merits identified above. As a result, in limited circumstances the courts tend to keep aside the immunity offered by limited liability and tend to pierce the corporate veil so as to fix the accountability of the actions taken in the name of the company by the relevant shareholders or management personnel (Baxt, Fletcher Fridman, 2008). There are various circumstances in which the Solomon principle may be overlooked. One of these is fraud which takes place in cases when the shareholders take to company formation only as a means to bypass the legal or fiduciary obligations which it already owed to the various parties particularly creditors (Cassidy, 2013). A relevant case in this regard is the Re Edelsten ex parte Donnelly (1998) 18 FCR 434case whereby the court had to decide if corporation formation was prompted with the sole motive of denying payments to the creditors taking the shield of limited liability. The general accepted principle is that higher conspicuousness associated with the sham tends to increase the possibility of the court ruling that there has been fraud. The honorable judge opined the following in this case (Forji, 2007). The argument of fraud is, of course circular. It can only succeed if the argument ofsham succeeds, because if no property was acquired by, or devolved upon, Edelsten, no duty capable of being evaded could arise under the ActThe submission that the VIP Group had been used to perpetrate a fraud was coincident, and stood, or fell, with the submissions which sought to have the transactions, by which the VIP Group acquired property, treated as shams. For separate legal entity principle to be upheld, it is essential that the entity formed as a company should not be a mere agent for the shareholders acting in the capacity of the principal. In such cases, it is quite possible that the corporate veil may be pierced by the court in order to determine the true centre of control. This was the case in Barrow v CSR Ltd in which the court realized that the subsidiary firm was under the complete and direct control of the parent firm and hence lifted the corporate veil. The court argument is summarized below (Forji, 2007). Now, whether one defines all of the above in terms of agency, and in my view it is, or control, or whether one says that there was a proximity between CSR and the employees of ABA, or whether one talks in terms of lifting the corporate veil, the effect is, in my respectful submission, the same. However, there is reluctance on the part of the courts to apply the same in case of small companies as is apparent from the verdict of the Ampol Petroleum Pty Ltd v Findlay case. Besides, where a judicial question is involved to ascertain whether any agency relationship was present or not, the court tend to be a little reluctant in piercing the veil as is apparent from The Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation Limited v Cormack (1911) 11 NSWSR 350 case ( Pathinayake, 2014). Another ground on which the corporate veil may be lifted is with regard to cases where the court is of the opinion the veil lifting would help in bringing about a more fair and just decision as highlighted in the RMS Glazing Pty Ltd v The Proprietors of Strata Plan No 14442 case. Further, veil lifting is also done in cases of group enterprises where it may not be possible to distinguish between the parent firm and the subsidiary as highlighted in the Bluecorp Pty Ltd v ANZ Executors and Trustee Co Ltd (supra) (1995) 18 ACSR 566 case (Lipton, 2015). Conclusion Thus, it may be concluded from the above discussion that the principles laid down in the Solomon case laid the foundation of modern company law and continue to have immense utility even after more than a century has passed away. However, owing the fraudulent use of this principle in order to minimize their liability or to put disproportionate risk burden on the end of the creditors and lenders, it is essential that courts need to maintain a delicate equilibrium so that the shareholders do not indulge in frivolous use of the protection provided. In this regard, it would not be prudent to include this into any statute but rather let the courts decide on the basis of the individual merits of the case. Also, the corporate veil lifting is in a transition stage in most of the Anglo Saxon jurisdictions and it is expected that the English and Australian courts would prove to be an apt harbinger in this regard and lead by example that could be considered as precedents. References Baxt, R., Fletcher, K.L. Fridman, S. (2008). Corporations and Associations Cases and Materials (10th ed.). Butterworths: LexisNexis Australia. Cassidy, J. (2013). Corporations Law Text and Essential Cases (4th ed.). Sydney: Federation Press. Ciro, T. Symes, C. (2013). Corporations Law in Principle (9th ed.). Sydney: LBC Thomson Reuters. Fisher, S. Anderson, C. Dickfos, (2009). Corporations Law - Butterworths Tutorial Series (3rd ed.). Butterworths, Sydney: LexisNexis Australia. Forji, A.G. 2007, The Veil Doctrine in Company Law, LLRX Website, [Online] Available at https://www.llrx.com/2007/09/the-veil-doctrine-in-company-law/ [Accessed April 24, 2017] Harris, J. (2014). Corporations Law (2nd ed.). Sydney: LexisNexis Study Guide. Harris, J., Hargovan, A. Adams, M. (2015). Australian Corporate Law (5th ed.). Melbourne: LexisNexis Butterworths Australia. Li, G. Riley, S. (2009). Applied Corporate Law: A Bilingual Approach (1st ed.). Sydney: LexisNexis Australia. Lipton, P. 2015 The Mythology of Salomons Case and the Law Dealing with the Tort Liabilities of Corporate Groups: An Historical Perspective, Monash University Law Review, Vol. 40 No.2, pp. 452-487 Parker, Clarke, Veljanovski, Posthouwer, (2012). Corporate Law (1st ed.). South Yarra : Palgrave Machmillan Pathinayake, A. (2014). Commercial and Corporations Law (2nd ed.). Sydney :Thomson-Reuters. Bluecorp Pty Ltd v ANZ Executors and Trustee Co Ltd (supra) (1995) 18 ACSR 566 Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189 Gas Lighting Improvement Co Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1923] AC 723 Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd. [1925] AC 619 MacLaine Watson Co Ltd v Department of Trade and Industry [1989] 3 All ER 523 Re Edelsten ex parte Donnelly (1998) 18 FCR 434 Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1942] UKHL 1 RMS Glazing Pty Ltd v The Proprietors of Strata Plan No 14442 Saloman v Saloman Co Ltd 1897 ac 22 (hl) The Electric Light and Power Supply Corporation Limited v Cormack (1911) 11 NSWSR 350 The King v Portus; ex parte Federated Clerks Union of Australia [1949] HCA 53; 79 CLR 428

Toyota Sales Operations Planning free essay sample

Introduction The Company chosen for Operations Management Case Study in this report is Toyota Motor Corporation. It was discovered during Initial group discussion that Toyota is a strongly grounded corporation with its par excellence acclaimed production system. One of our team member had also been closely associated with this corporation; and could back up our research with her practical work experience. Moreover, since Toyota Production System (TPS) is a great reason of Toyota’s globalised success, the group researches further on different dimensions of its strong Operations Management philosophies and concepts as a School of learning. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the leading global automobile manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. This multinational corporation consists of 333,498 employees globally as of March 2013. Toyota was judged to be the largest manufacturer in the year 2012 with respect to production volume and it reported its 200- millionth vehicle produced in July 2012. As per the financial results of TMC for the fiscal year 2012-13, it reported Net Revenue of US$ 216. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Sales Operations Planning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 7 Billion, Operating Income of US$13 billion Net Income of US$9.47 Billion. Toyota has factories in most parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in Japan, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Colombia, the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Brazil, Portugal, and more recently, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Egypt, China, Vietnam, Venezuela, the Philippines, and Russia. Toyotas philosophy evolves from the companys origins and has reflects in its famously developed terms ‘Lean Manufacturing’ and ‘Just In Time Production’. Toyotas managerial values and business methods are also collectively known as the Toyota Way. Toyota adopted the Toyota Way 2001 in April 2001. It is a manifestation of values and conduct guidelines for all Toyota employees to be followed. Many believe the company’s achievement stems from its dedication to customer satisfaction. Toyota is a typical example of how Japanese industry succeeded. Although it is often conservative in design and not very creative in bringing new ideas, its special attention to build quality and reliability wins customer confidence gradually. Its emphasis on technology development and production efficiency results in up-to-date products and good value for money. Thats why its cars  capture a lot of brains if not hearts. Nevertheless, in recent years Toyota starts getting more creative no matter in design and technology. Examples are Pruis and iQ. Hopefully it will be even stronger in the future.

Renaissance in Italy essays

Renaissance in Italy essays In part three of Jacob Burckhardts book, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, he writes that the Italian Renaissance was shaped by ..not the revival of antiquity alone, but its union with the spirit of the people... The spirit of the Italian people refers to the way Italians as a group, shared the enthusiasm for antiquity. Burckhardt formulates that this enthusiasm was because the Italians viewed antiquity as a symbol of past greatness. The Middle Ages had brought about much war and corruption in both the Church and secular society. Therefore, the Revival of antiquity, developed in part to find a way to improve society. Italy lay where an ancient society had prospered and triumphed, and thus, Italians looked to Ancient Rome for answers of how to improve their own society. Italy was full of ancient monuments and documents and thus Italians had easy access to the past. The Latin language of Ancient Rome was also easily learned by Italians, which gave them a unified tool to open the past. So, it was the special circumstances of Italy that provided the Italian people with their great enthusiasm to learn and understand the ancients and their way of life. With their new knowledge of the past, a new dilemma arose. Much of the documents and other writings found did not correspond with the Churchs beliefs and practices. As most of Europe adhered to the Church, this was a problem. So, many people set to work, trying to combine the great new knowledge recently found, with the ideas of the Church. Also as a result of the revival of antiquity, came a new interest in rhetoric, grammar, philology and literary criticism. As more people studied the classics, they came to a better understanding the Latin and Greek language, which produced an array of people writing their own works in Latin and/or Greek. These letters were written following new grammatical and rhetorical rules that were ...

How to Make a Benzoic Acid Snow Globe

How to Make a Benzoic Acid Snow Globe Its fun and easy to make your own snow globe using water and snow made from glitter or crushed egg shells, but you can use chemistry to make crystal snow that looks a lot more like the real thing. Snow is made from crystals of water. In this project, you precipitate crystals of benzoic acid, which has the advantage of not melting at room temperature. Heres how you make the snow globe: Snow Globe Materials baby food jar or ointment jar (~4 oz)1 g benzoic acidwaterbeaker or pyrex measuring cuphot plate or microwave or coffee makerstirring rod or spoonhot glue gundecoration to glue to the bottom of the snow globe, like a small plastic toyforceps or tweezerselectrical tape (optional) Assemble the Snow Globe There are a couple of ways to do this. There is my do-it-at-home method and then what you might want to do in a lab. Lets start with the lab instructions...In a 250 ml flask, stir 1 g benzoic acid into 75 ml of water.Heat the solution to dissolve the benzoic acid. You do not need to boil the water.Alternatively, you can measure 75 ml (5 tablespoons) of water that you heated in a microwave or coffee maker. Dissolve the benzoic acid in the hot water.Put down a bead of hot glue on the inside of the jar lid (or you can put it on the bottom of a clean, dry jar if you dont plan to invert the sealed jar).Use tweezers or forceps to position your decoration in the glue.While the glue is cooling, take a look at your benzoic acid solution. As it approaches room temperature, the benzoic acid will precipitate out of solution to form snow. The rate of cooling affects the snow. Slow cooling produces fine crystals. Quick cooling produces something more like snowballs than snowflakes.Pour the room-te mperature benzoic acid solution into the glass jar. Fill the jar as full as possible with water. Air pockets will cause the benzoic acid to form clumps.Put the lid on the jar. If desired, seal the jar with hot glue or electrical tape.Gently shake the jar to see the pretty snow! How the Snow Works Benzoic acid doesnt readily dissolve in room temperature water, but if you heat the water the solubility of the molecule is increased (similar to dissolving sugar in water to make rock candy). Cooling the solution causes the benzoic acid to precipitate back into solid form. Slow cooling of the solution allows the benzoic acid to form prettier, more snow-like flakes than if you had simply mixed benzoic acid powder with water. The cooling rate of water into ice affects how real snow appears, too. Safety Tips Benzoic acid is used as a preservative in food, so as chemicals go it is pretty safe. However, pure benzoic acid can be very irritating to skin and mucous membranes (heres an MSDS for you). Also, it can be toxic if large quantities are ingested. So... wear gloves and eye protection when preparing your solution. Excess solution can be washed down the drain (can neutralize it with baking soda first if you like). I wouldnt recommend this project for very young children. It should be fine for grade school kids with adult supervision. Its mainly intended as a fun project for teens and adults. The snow globe is not a toy- you dont want young children taking it apart and drinking the solution.

Trends in Cybercrime IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trends in Cybercrime IT - Essay Example Cyber crime is a serious issue that has caused many people to suffer. Until the year 2000 it was not considered as a crime punishable by law until it intensified and companies and individuals also including many government organizations became victims of cyber criminals and lost millions of dollars and data. Until now steps are being implemented to control cyber crimes and awareness is being spread by government to refrain people from becoming cyber criminals intentionally or unintentionally. Cyber crimes are the easiest to commit as this requires no physical skills and you can easily hide your identity without anyone knowing it might be your best friend. During the years cyber crimes kept changing it forms. First there were little viruses sent by emails that would infect a person’s computer and cause them to lose data and when antivirus programs came to their aid people began to develop ways to hack into other peoples and organizations computers to steal or manipulate their data. After playing such small games these cyber criminals became organized and started to think big and they developed ways to actually harm people in far serious ways. Cyber criminals devised ways to extort money from people posing as law enforcers to their aid. A cyber criminal ‘s profile in most of the crimes are still unknown as people make multiple accounts using fake identities or stealing other people’s accounts or their identities to carry on their unlawful activities. As the internet facilitates by connecting people through many ways where there is no physical interaction between the people involved, a man can easily pose as a woman and create a fake identity without the other person knowing who is actually behind the scene. Cyber criminals usually operate from places where they are not easily traceable and with the development of new software that enable to hide your IP it has become easier. The cyber criminals who were managed to get caught turned out to be mostly people of advanced computer knowledge. Internet scams or cyber crime has now taken many different forms. â€Å"A company managed to rob people totaling more than $53,000 by asking them to pay for shipping of their free samples that they never received (IC3, Internet

Description of My Room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Description of My Room - Essay Example One opening is the door which provides passage for entering the room from the TV lounge. Moving clockwise, next comes the wall in which there is no opening. Next to that is the wall with a large window located in the center. Next to that is the wall with another door that joins my room to the bathroom. Both doors are of the same size. Their size is 4 feet by 8 feet each, in which 4 feet is the width of the door and 8 feet is the height of the door. The size of the window is 6 feet by 5 feet, 6 feet being the width of the window and 5 feet is the height of the window. The floor of my room is all covered with ceramic tiles. There is marble skirting on every wall 5 inches in height starting from the finished floor level. The purpose of this skirting is to keep the walls protected against stains and marks that might possibly be left by shoes. The skirting also protects the walls from the watermarks that might be left while cleaning the room if the skirting is not applied. A prominent fea ture of the wall that has no opening in it is the fireplace. A heater is placed in the fireplace. The heater is connected with a gas pipe engraved in the wall. A chandelier hangs from the middle of the ceiling till 2 feet in the air. One tube light is located at a vertical distance of 6 feet from the floor on the wall between the bathroom and my room. A small bulb is fixed at a distance of 8 feet from the floor on the wall with no opening. An air conditioner has been fixed on top of the window to regulate the temperature and keep the room air-conditioned. Mauve silk curtains drop over the window from its top all the way down to the floor. The curtains do not have any print and are thus plain. A lilac frill covers about a foot of the curtains from the top. The window opens to the lawn in front of my room. I can see Oak trees and Mulberry bushes from inside my room.  

Surprise Under the Carpet at Northern Sigma Essay Example for Free

Surprise Under the Carpet at Northern Sigma Essay Based on the information generated by the interviews with the two different groups, what have you learnt about this plant? What I have learnt about this particular plant is the fact that the workers are not in harmony with each other. They also tend to assume things as per the behaviors of the other groups for instance the white male groups tend to think that or rather assume that these women and disadvantaged groups feel that not only were they left out of important task forces but were required to be ten times better than their white counterparts in order to be promoted (Robbins, et al. 2011). Midrand plant employees have no communication channels whatsoever with their senior management and this is rather obvious by the reaction seen on Peter Barnes once the results of the interview have been given. 2. What may have led to these problems? There are a number of factors that may have led to the problems currently being experienced in this plant for instance lack of motivation and training especially for women and disadvantaged groups, lack of proper communication channels and directions from the top management to the workers and vice versa as well as lack of conflict management skills (Robbins, et al. 011). It is clear that conflict exists between the workers thus resulting in poor performance. And despite the fact that majority of employers are highly educated there are no programs offered for enhancement of skills for these employees which makes them stagnant in a business world that is forever changing and in need of new and unique business skills (Robbins, et al. 2011). 3. What consequences are likely to emanate from these problems? Such problems as experienced by this plant result in a number of consequences for instance not being able to keep and maintain workers. Those already experiencing conflict within this plant are pressured into quitting as revealed from the interview results with the case of women and disadvantaged groups by the white male groups (Robbins, et al. 2011). Such companies also tend not to attract potential workers and this may be harmful for the company’s future success in as far as meeting its objectives is concerned. Organizational conflicts also result in low morale amongst the workers, reduced ollaboration, reduced productivity, passive or aggressive behavior and distrust (Robbins, et al. 2011). 4. Do you agree that Barnes should be responsible for these problems? Explain. I agree that Barnes should be responsible for these problems since he is the general manager having the responsibilities of not only hiring and recruiting of staff but also training process managers under him. A general manager is expected to encourage team members in their work as a way of getting the best output from them (Robbins, et al. 20 11). In this particular case, Barnes left the workers to do carry out the tasks without any particular supervision and expected results by the end of the day. He is not seen as having followed up any of his workers’ performance progress and that is why he is shocked at the results of the interview. An effective general manager must have leadership qualities to be able to lead and direct his workers (Robbins, et al. 2011). 5. What specific recommendations would you offer to Barnes to improve the management of diversity at the plant? As a way of improving the management of diversity at the plant, Barnes should first and foremost consider establishing a conducive working environment where all workers can work in harmony with each other without feeling discriminated or overworked (Robbins, et al. 2011). He should also create equal opportunities for both groups of workers where women and the disadvantaged groups can feel that their contributions are taken seriously in group projects. Clear communication channels should also be established in order for the workers to feel comfortable enough to open up and share their opinions, doubts or ideas regarding projects or the management of the company. This is especially so in the case of the Asian group whose members were considered difficult to understand and very secretive (Robbins, et al. 2011). In this way, Barnes will better manage this diverse workforce and experience better results the next time such an interview is conducted.

Essays --

Jack Owens 12-18-13 Government President paper Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaw settlement, a community of Scotch-Irish immigrants along the border between north and south Carolina. As far as I know they are still disputing his place of origin. he claimed that his place of origin was actually south Carolina though in my opinion if he said he was from there he was from that location. His father had died before his birth Andrew’s mother had three sons and was living with her Crawford relatives. Jackson was attending local schools and received an elementary education. When the revolutionary war ended Jackson’s immediate family had been wiped out fighting in Carolina backcountry was especially savage, a bombardment of ambushes, massacred and sharp skirmishes. Jackson’s oldest brother Hugh enlisted in a patriot regiment and died at Stono ferry, according to the article he was said to have died form heatstroke from heatstroke. Too young for formal soldiering, Andrew and his brother Robert fought with American irregulars. In 1781, they were captured during this time Jackson was told to clean a british officers boots and refused which then drew to the officer to slash Jackson with his sword also in that time Robert contracted smallpox, which he died shortly after their release. While trying to retrieve his nephews from a British prison ship Andres mother also fell ill and later died. An orphan and hardened veteran at the age of fifteen. Jackson drifted, he taught at a school for a little amount of time. Then he started to read into law while in north Carolina. After admission to the bar in 1787, he accepted an offer to server as a public prosecutor in the new mero district of north Carolina, west o... ...vancing enemies with artillery and rifle fire. The British casualties exceeded two thousand Jackson ended up only loosing thirteen to death with fifty-eight wounded or missing. With both sides not aware of the treaty of Ghent ending the war had been signed two weeks earlier, so the battle had no effect on the outcome. Still, this victory with it’s tremendous casualty ratio. The idea of untrained and volunteer soldiers against veteran British soldiers was astonishing. Jackson was then seen as a hero next to George Washington. Jackson remained in the military after the war. Late in 1817,he received orders to subdue the Seminole Native Americans, who were raiding across the border from Spanish Florida itself. He captured its bastions at St. Marks Pensacola and arrested, tried, and executed two British nationalists whom he charged with abetting the Native Americans.

Romantic Poetry Analysis

Amber Lee Anardi Gabriel Decio ENG251-001 16 April 2013 The Dominating Themes of Nature and Nostalgia The Romantic Period began in the late 18th century and emphasized everything that the previous age had not. Romantic ideals that focused on the heart over the head and the natural man over the civilized man influenced the literary works of the Romantic Era. Themes of nostalgia and nature dominated the works of William Wordsworth, William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley.  Read also Critical appreciation of the poem â€Å"Old Ladies’ Home†.These two themes go hand in hand when interpreting romantic poetry, with the development of the hectic industrial cities many poets longed for the simplicity that nature had to offer. Poems such as Wordsworth’s â€Å"Resolution and Independence†, Coleridge’s â€Å"The Dungeon† and Shelley’s â€Å"To Night† embody the themes of nature and reminiscence. William Wordsworth is said to be one of the most influential poets of the Romantic Era. Wordsworth’s religion of nature was influenced by his childhood, growing up in the Lake District of northwestern England and through his travels to foreign countries. Resolution and Independence† was written in 1802, roughly four years into the Romantic Period. The poem is about a man walking through the countryside after a night of rain, he reflects on the livelihood of the creatures that surround him and initially share their joy until his mind wanders to the dejection he feels for what man has become. He comes across an old man, who he envies because his job is to collect leeches for medical purposes. The traveller envies the old man because he gets to work in nature.The theme of nature is prevails in this poem as well as the theme of nostalgia. Wordsworth writes â€Å"The birds are singing in the distant woods; over his own sweet voice the Stock-dove broods; the Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters; and all the air is filled with pleasant noise of waters. † Wordsworth describes the sounds of nature that the traveler hears, clearly showing his appreciation of nature when he describes the birds singing as â€Å"pleasant noise†.As the poem continues the traveler demeanor embodies the same joy that the creatures of nature are feeling, yet his jubilation diminishes when he reflects on what man has become. â€Å"The pleasant season did my heart employ: my old remembrances went from me wholly; and all the ways of men, so vain and melancholy. † The traveler is displeasured with what man has become, describing him as â€Å"vain and melancholy†, such displeasure can be interpreted as the theme of nostalgia. William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Resolution and Independence† embodies the dominating themes of nostalgia and nature in romanticism.Samuel Taylor Coleridge is better known for his influence on literary criticism rather than his poetry. Between 1797 and 1803 Coleridgeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s best poetry is said to be produced. â€Å"The Dungeon† was written in 1797 and is about a dungeon in which criminals are forced to reside in. The first verse of â€Å"The Dungeon† is dreary and very critical of using dungeons to punish criminals. The emphasis on industrialized cities and the insignificance of rural areas and the upset it causes romantic poets can be seen in this poem. â€Å"Is this the only cure?Merciful God! Each pore and natural outlet shrivell’d up by Ignorance and parching Poverty, his energies roll back upon his heart, and stagnate and corrupt; till chang’d to poison, they break out on him, like a loathsome plague-spot;† Coleridge’s text is trying to convey that when man is separated from his natural environment he might turn to crime. The theme of nostalgia can be seen in â€Å"The Dungeon† through Coleridge’s emphasis on nature over civilization, because industrialism is a new concept for romant ics.Essentially Coleridge believes that nature betters a man and believes that sending a criminal to a dungeon only turns them into savages rather than letting them find harmony in the natural world. â€Å"With other ministrations thou, O Nature! Healest thy wandering and distemper’d child: Thou pourest on him thy soft influences, the sunny hues, fair forms, and breathing sweets, thy melodies of woods, and winds, and waters,† This quote can be interpreted as Coleridge’s way of expressing how nature can heal man.Samuel Taylor Coleridge exemplifies the themes of nostalgia and nature in his poem â€Å"The Dungeon† through his message of nature having the power to better man. Percy Bysshe Shelley is categorized as the perfect romantic poet due to his quest for truth and justice. Shelley’s poetry peaked in 1816 until he died in 1822. The poem â€Å"To Night† is about Shelley’s longing for the day to end and night to come. Shelley wants to escape the day and find refuge in the night, although he never explains why in his poem.In the third stanza Shelley writes â€Å"When I arose and saw the dawn, I sighed for thee; when light rode high, and the dew was gone, and noon lay heavy on flower and tree, and the weary Day turned to his rest, lingering like and unloved guest, I sighed for thee. † When Shelley writes â€Å"and the dew was gone† it shows that he is fond of the nature that occurs at night such as the dew on the grass when the night ends. In the second stanza Shelley anticipates night’s arrival â€Å"Wrap thy form in mantle gray, star-inwrought! † Shelley describes another aspect of nature at night; the sky changing colors and the emerging stars.Themes of nostalgia can also be detected in â€Å"To Night† but are interpreted differently in comparison to other poems. â€Å"Sleep will come when thou art fled; of neither would I ask the boon I ask of thee, beloved Night – swi ft be thine approaching flight, come soon, soon! † Shelley longs for the night on a daily basis; the difference of nostalgia in this poem is that his melancholy demeanor is relieved when night begins unlike other poems that reminisce on the old ways of life. â€Å"To Night† exemplifies a different interpretation of the romantic themes such as nature and nostalgia.Themes of the Romantic Era dictated the literary works during the 18th and 19th centuries. The most influential theme was nature and poets developed this theme through their works. Nostalgia was also a common theme in romantic literature, as industrialization grew in popularity, many romantics opposed the new way of life and longed for the way things used to be. William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Resolution and Independence†, Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"The Dungeon†, and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To Night† all exemplify the themes of nature and nostalgia through their po etry.

Cultural Changes and Continuities in the Mediterranean Essay

Throughout history, the Mediterranean has offered a vast amount of political transformations leading to both cultural continuities and variances. One of the main political changes that occurred in this area was the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire, which took place from around 200 C.E to 1000 C.E. While these empires consisted of roughly the same culture, they had different political structures which led to some differences. Other alterations that came up were the rise of Islam and the invasion of Germanic tribes. This led to cultural diffusion in the Mediterranean and had many effects on the cultures of this area. Many relate the fall of the Roman Empire to it being split in half in 330 C.E; however, the Roman Empire officially fell in 476 C.E. when Germanic tribes overthrew the Western half of the empire. The Eastern half went on to be known as the Byzantine Empire which already had its own capitol, Constantinople, and its own emperor. Christianity had already been legalized by the Roman Empire in 313 C.E, before the split. It had spread so rapidly afterwards that it soon became the official religion of the state. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire, this was one of the main continuities. Christianity was the official religion of the Byzantine Empire as it had been for the Roman Empire. Not only did the Byzantine Empire stay Christian, but also the Western half of the Roman Empire, at that point conquered by Germanic tribes, stayed Christian and the conquering tribes converted to Christianity, which was a change. Another continuity of Roman culture into Byzantine culture was that a Byzantine emperor, Justinian, actually created a code of laws from compiling laws that were used in the Roman Empire, such as the citizenship laws that were prevalent for most of span of the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine (eastern Roman Empire) continued to speak Greek, and the Western Roman Empire continued to speak Latin. This continuity of Greco-Roman culture not only showed in language but also in architecture. It was built off of architecture in both Rome and ancient Greece. An architectural feat particularly associated with the Byzantines is the Dome, an idea based off of the Roman arch. Columns were also commonly used inside Byzantine churches, which is a Greek architectural design. A prominent change in the culture of the Mediterranean was the rise of Islam. It spread rapidly throughout the Mediterranean region of Africa, which had beforehand been a variety of religions. Although Islam was not very prevalent in most of the European Mediterranean, it did make the crossover in 711 C.E. to Spain. Before this Spain had been Christian and there were still Christians in the area, it was just that Muslims were more prevalent. In conclusion, the political transformations that occurred from 200-1000 C.E. throughout the Mediterranean region, influenced the culture of some Germanic Tribes, the Byzantines, and some Muslim groups, affecting the entire coastal area.

A Study About Sociologists Social Policy Essays

A Study About Sociologists Social Policy Essays A Study About Sociologists Social Policy Essay A Study About Sociologists Social Policy Essay When adequate people in a society agree that a status exists that threatens the quality of their lives and their most precious values, and they besides agree that something should be done to rectify it, sociologists say that society has defined that status as a societal job. Sociologists who study societal jobs ask inquiries about the societal instead than the single facets of a job. The primary sociological attacks to the survey of societal jobs are the functionalist, and struggle, positions.Functionalism purposes at the analysis of societal and cultural phenomenon in footings of the maps they perform. From this position, the chief ground for the being of societal jobs is that societies are ever altering ; failure to accommodate successfully to alter leads to societal jobs. In the early 1900s, functionalist theoreticians saw societal jobs like condemnable aberrance, as a signifier of societal pathology.Functionalist analysis was outstanding in the work of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, two of the establishing male parents of the subject and was further developed and refined by Emile Durkheim and more late by Parsons. Durkheim is the most of import sociological precursor of modern twenty-four hours functionalism. His description of organic solidarity -a signifier of integrating typical of industrial societies, focussed on the mutuality of functions and deficiency of autonomy that held people together.Harmonizing to the functionalist position, each portion of society is mutualist and contributes to society operation as a whole. If all goes good, the diverse parts of society green goods order, stableness, and productiveness. If all does non travel good, so the different parts of society must so accommodate to re-establish a new order, stableness, and productiveness. For illustration, during a fiscal recession and attendant high rates of unemployment and rising prices, societal plans are trimmed or cut, Schools offer fewer programmes and households tighten their budgets, so a new societal order, stableness, and productiveness occurs.The struggle position, which originated chiefly out of Karl Marx s Hagiographas on category battles, nowadayss society in a different visible radiation from the functionalist position. While this latter position focal points on the positive facets of society that contribute to its stableness, the struggle position focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Conflict theorists challenge the position quo, promote societal alteration ( even when this means societal revolution ) , and believe rich and pow erful people force societal order on the hapless and the weak.Capitalism, the economic system which dominates the universe today, is based on private ownership of the agencies of production ( fabricating industry, the natural stuffs and resources needed for industry and, today, even the seeds necessary for nutrient production ) and development of the labor of the working-class. The working-class, with no land or significant familial wealth, have no agencies of back uping themselves and are forced to sell their labor to last. Capitalists buy this labour power, so acquire their money back and do net incomes by selling necessities and other merchandises to the working-class and other categories in society.Critics of the struggle position point to its overly negative position of society. The theory finally attributes human-centered attempts, selflessness, democracy, civil rights, and other positive facets of society to capitalistic designs meant to command the multitudes, and non to bui lt-in involvements in continuing society and societal order.For coevalss before the constitution of a public assistance province, most hapless people who did non gain a life someway managed to get by. Trusting on neighbors and, if necessary, on private, local charities, they cobbled together the resources to maintain a roof over their caputs and prevent famishment. The term Poverty has many definitions all of which portion similar thoughts, It is frequently defined as a province of want relation to those criterions of populating enjoyed by others within the same society e.g. income or ingestion poorness, Social exclusion, deficiency of basic demands and comparative want.The Functionalist belief on poorness is based on the premiss that poverty serves a positive map for society since functionalism is interested in big scale structural accounts of societal life. Therefore, poorness is regarded on a macro degree on the footing of the benefits it provides for societyas a whole, instead t han for the persons who are in poorness. The most influential author on this position is Herbert J. Gans ( 1971 ) [ 1 ] who suggests that poorness benefits the rich and powerful, who have a vested involvement in keeping poorness. [ 2 ]Harmonizing to Gans, poorness ensures there is ever person in society who needs to execute physically unsafe, impermanent, undignified and underpaid work for low rewards, which is finally better than destitution. Furthermore, without the really low paid in society, many industries would be unable to work as they rely upon low paid workers to guarantee their net income and endurance. The being of poorness provides reassurance and support for the remainder of society and serves as a yardstick against which society can mensurate itself. [ 3 ]In Britain, Peter Townsend played a prima function between 1950, and 1970s in doing the public aware of the go oning being of poorness. Harmonizing to Townsend persons, households and groups can be said to be in poorn ess when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, take part in the activities and have basic living conditions and installations which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so earnestly below those commanded by the mean single or household that they are, in consequence, excluded from ordinary life forms, imposts and activities. In Poverty in the United Kingdom [ 4 ] Townsend claims that the being of category division is the major factor doing poorness ; but he besides acknowledges that poorness is related to life styles.From a struggle position, poorness is imposed, reflecting unequal power among societal groups, and it will go on to be imposed until those harmed by it pull off to coerce a alteration. Conflicttheory argues that the accounts offered by functionalism theory is portion of what sustains poorness, as they conceal its true beginnings and promote the hapless to accept societal agreem ents instead than form to battle them. Marxism attributes poorness to the being of category divisions in society. Poverty helps to keep the domination of the middle class.In the nineteenth century the standard account of poorness came from Malthus s Essay on Population ( 1798 ) [ 5 ] . Malthus believed that population grows faster than production. Increasing poorness is hence inevitable ; any addition in the criterion of life of the poorest categories merely leads to increased birth rate or lower decease rate, and population once more presses on nutrient supply. Marx held the Malthusian theory in great disdain. Under capitalist economy, production grows really quickly because of continual invention and the surplus population a pool of unemployed, populating in destitution is non the consequence of natural population addition, but of the supplanting of workers by labour-saving machinery. The excess population could wholly be put to work if the length of the on the job twenty-four hours were reduced. But employers do nt desire this, for assorted grounds.Marxists believe that the capitalist society is structured by the economic system, and this construction needs to be wholly transformed to be able to eliminate poorness. This would include a radical overthrow of capitalist economy because finally the state of affairs will come on to a little minority of the middle class ( governing category ) and a pool of inexpensive labor. Marxists explained this by proposing that establishments in the superstructure, such as the media, exploit the labor, maintaining them hapless. A failing to the Marxists point of position is that it fails to explicate why some groups are more prone to poorness than others, e.g. adult females and the handicapped. Harmonizing to Marxists, the public assistance system is an instrument of the province, which helps to keep gross inequalities of wealth that see some people populating in destitution with small possibility of of all time truly ge t awaying from it.Absolute poorness, besides known as subsistence poorness, is the thought that it is possible to make an absolute minimal criterion of life required for physical wellness, this is frequently called the poorness line. This construct is used in Drewnowski and Scott s level of life index [ 6 ] where nutrition is defined in footings of Calories and protein, shelter in footings of quality of home and grades of overcrowding, and wellness in footings of infant mortality and the quality of available medical installations. Some sociologists attempt to include steps of instruction, security, leisure and diversion as basic cultural demands to be added to the impression of subsistence.The construct of comparative poorness has chiefly replaced that of absolute poorness in sociological research. Relative poorness is measured in footings of opinions by members of a peculiar society of what is considered a sensible and acceptable criterion of life. This definition of poorness sugge sts that the hapless in any given society are in portion defined by their antonym, the rich. A societyhas a typical set of cultural norms and values any definition of poorness must include the picks and outlooks that persons have in their society. Any poverty line must be drawn comparative to given societies and farther to the societal divisions they are in.The extended sociological literature on poorness convergences with that on race, ethnicity, subcultures, the lower class and stratification. The survey of poorness is cardinal to any scrutinies of societal inequality, including an analysis of who is hapless and the grounds for their poorness. Although the hapless have frequently been blamed for their poorness, which is seen as the effect of some signifier of personal insufficiency such as fecklessness or idling, most surveies explain the being of poorness in footings of the societal and economic constructions of industrialized societies poorness surveies have been criticised for non recognizing that poorness may ensue if the income of a adult male.Research workers have linked poorness to several cardinal issues of kid public assistance. Children from households in poorness experience more emotional and behavior jobs than kids from center and upper category households. [ 7 ] Although all kids go to school, the background of some puts them behind their equals academically from the start. Destitute pupils are far more likely to come in school as linguistically disadvantaged because they have non had experiences that promote literacy and reading preparedness.More than one billion people in the universe live on less than one dollar a twenty-four hours. In entire, 2.7 billion battle to last on less than two dollars per twenty-four hours. Poverty in the underdeveloped universe, nevertheless, goes far beyond income poorness. It means holding to walk more than one stat mi everyday merely to roll up H2O and firewood ; it means enduring diseases that were eradicated f rom rich states decennaries ago. Every twelvemonth eleven million kids die ( most under the age of five ) with more than six million from wholly preventable causes like malaria, diarrhea and pneumonia. Around the universe, a sum of 114 million kids do non acquire even a basic instruction and 584 million adult females are illiterate [ 8 ] .Social protection systems in Europe are among the most-highly-developed in the universe but still, 16 % of Europe s population amounting to 79 million people live below the poorness line ( set at 60 % of their state s average income ) with one European in 10 life in a family where cipher works. Children, are more open to poverty with 19 % amounting to 19 million kids populating under the menace of poorness. For this ground the European Union has proclaimed 2010 as the European Year For Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion with four chief aims and peculiarly: [ 9 ] The cardinal right of individuals sing poorness and societal exclusion to populate in self-respect and to take an active portion in society ; Foster committedness by all public and private histrions to battle poorness and societal exclusion ; Encourage coherence ; Promote committedness and practical action of the EU and its Member States to battle poorness and societal exclusion, and affect all degrees of authorization in the chase of that purpose. Malta does non populate in a vacuity and new signifiers of poorness have been brought about by societal advancement as a consequence of new life styles. A big figure of households are populating through hard times, with kids being the inexperienced person victims of their parents and defenders, the governments or the community at big. Problems created by chancing, vigorish, intoxicant, drug maltreatment and mental wellness. The study by the National Family Commission has comparative poorness exits non merely financially but besides in instances of stigmatised unwellness, domestic force and instances where a hubby chooses non to work so that he can default on paying care. [ 10 ]More and more international attempts have been organized in recent decennaries to turn to the jobs of the poorest among us. However, while the universe has surely seen an overall betterment in rates of poorness and poverty-related issues, success has been uneven and hampered by serious reverses. One lay waste t oing disease, such as AIDS, can kill the economic system of a low-income state and one violent struggle can oppress any human development progresss that might hold been achieved.Can we imagine a society without absolute poorness and comparative poorness? In a society without absolute poorness everyone that could work would be employed, there would be small offense, merely a great topographic point to populate. In a society without comparative poorness people would all have the same wealth there would be no competition to be better so anyone else. This type of society is merely possible in the imaginativeness. Poverty survives because it is utile to our society. Society s dirty work could still be carried out without poorness by paying the dirty workers nice rewards. If the hapless were more flush they would do less willing clients for upper-class philanthropic gift. Poverty will merely be eliminated when the hapless can obtain adequate power to do a alteration in today s society.Ros ette Spiteri CachiaDiploma in Public Administration[ 1 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf[ 2 ] Gans argues that Poverty survives in portion because it is utile to a figure of groups in society [ 3 ] Gans offers a functional analysis to explicate the continued being of poorness Phenomena like poorness can be eliminated merely when they become dysfunctional for the flush or powerful, or when the powerless can obtain adequate power to alter society [ 4 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/needf.htm[ 5 ] Thomas R. Malthus, First Essay on Population ( London: Macmillan,1926 )[ 6 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.blacksacademy.net/content/3261.html[ 7 ] Brooks-Gunn, J. , A ; Duncan, G. J. ( 1997 ) . The effects of poorness on kids. Future of Children, 7 ( 2 ) , 55-71.[ 8 ] World Bank, World Development Indicators Database 4 ( rpm, Sept. 10, 2008 ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //sitcresources, worldbank, org/DATASTATIS TICS/Rcsources/GDP, pdf[ 9 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.2010againstpoverty.eu/ ? langid=en[ 10 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090709/local/no-absolute-poverty-in-malta

Clamoring and Clambering

Clamoring and Clambering Clamoring and Clambering Clamoring and Clambering By Maeve Maddox Paul Russell calls our attention to confusion between the verbs clamor [klÄÆ'mÉ™r] and clamber.[klÄÆ'mbÉ™r]. I just found the phrase F1s sponsors were clambering for a presence in the USA. One clamors for attention or, in this case, for a presence. Used as both noun and verb, clamor comes from Latin clamor, a shout. As a noun, clamor means Loud shouting or outcry, vociferation; esp. the excited outcry of vehement appeal, complaint, or opposition: commonly, but not always, implying a mingling of voices. As an intransitive verb, clamor means To make a clamour; to shout, or utter loud and continued cries or calls; to raise an outcry, make a noise or din of speech. Said of persons, animals, and instruments of noise. Clamber, on the other hand, is related to the verb climb. It means To climb by catching hold with hands and feet; to creep or crawl up (or down); to climb with difficulty and effort. Speakers who apparently make no distinction in the pronunciation of the the two words substitute clamber for clamor in contexts intended to convey the idea that people are making an outcry over something. As the most outspoken yoga advocates clamber for more recognition in the scientific community, it is they who become so much more sure of their own beliefs. The Girl Scout troops that cover Celina, Prosper and Frisco schools are clambering for members this year. As we mentioned in our last email, after our speech at Mike’s event, we were surrounded by rings of people clambering for  more information†¦ There are many voices out there today, each one clambering for our attention. She was making a nice little profit on it and kept selling stuff she wasnt planning on it because people were clambering for more. Its not a surprise that Europeans and Americans are clambering for Asian elements. Even if one pronounces both words as /klÄÆ'mÉ™r/, its easy to choose the correct one. Try substituting the word climb or call and see which one makes more sense: There are many voices out there today, each one climbing for our attention. There are many voices out there today, each one calling for our attention. If climb makes sense in the context, clamber is the word you want. If call makes more sense, clamor is the word you want. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientHow to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and Tricks5 Ways to Reduce Use of Prepositions

Geograhpy middile east class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Geograhpy middile east class - Essay Example I would support a deal between my country and the Palestinians that secured access for Israel to the freshwater aquifer under the West Bank when it becomes an independent nation in exchange for free access for Palestinians to the Temple Mount. I would support this deal for two reasons. The first centers on vital access to fresh water that Israel desperately needs. Even though the Temple Mount is significant to Israelis, especially religious ones, there is nothing there that will help water crops, animals or people. The Temple Mount will not ensure fresh water for food processing or other industrial processes. We need access to that water in order to keep growing and strengthening our economy. The second reason we should strike this deal is to begin to change public perception of Israel. We are often viewed in this day and age as the side that inhibits movement in any peace process. If we would offer this deal, then we could show that we are really willing to negotiate about the diffi cult issues that separate us from the Palestinians. The Temple Mount is a sacred site for many Israelis. It is an important place for the Jewish nation. But the reality is, allowing access to Palestinians will not make it less sacred. Gaining access to the aquifer under the West Bank is necessary for the survival of the

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reaction Paper - Essay Example For example, an increase in revenues translates to the decline in the average unemployment rate. Next, the economic environment indicates an increase in the employment statistics translates to higher demand for houses, raising the average price of houses. Two take-aways. I have gained a firm inside on the economic principle of supply and demand. As the demand for the company’s products increase, the company can hire additional employees to fill the needs of the growing customers. As the employment increases, there is a corresponding increase in the demand for several goods and services. To supply the increasing demand, more news companies crop up. Further, my thoughts focus on the economic principle of supply and demand. To set up a business, I must first find a demand. Next, I will supply the products or services that will fill the customers’ requests. As the sales catapult to more profitable levels, I have to hire more workers to fill the increasing customers’ needs and wants. This is the essence of the economic supply and demand theory. A company that does not generate profits will be forced to close shop. Consequently, the retrenched employees will join the current long line of unemployment list. Reading 2: Shelley Kimelberg, â€Å"Inside the growth Machine: Real Estate Professionals on the Perceived Challenges of Urban Development Shelley McDonough Kimelberg , City & Community, 20 (2011): p 76-99 Reference Summary. The above article states that the growth machine framework proposes that the cooperative efforts of the elites significantly contribute implementation of policies and processes that contribute to the local community’s economic growth. The research focused on the real estate professionals. The findings include some constraints to full economic development. The constraints include reelection of the local politicians, municipal development officers’ economic priorities,

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans.describe Essay

Identify the artifacts produced on the images during CT scans.describe the method used to reduce or remove these artifacts - Essay Example ion, movement of patients during the scanning process or presence of metals on the body, problems with the scanner or during the reconstruction process (Barrett & Keat, 2004). The various types of artifacts and the methods used for reducing their occurrence are discussed below. The most common physics-based artifact is beam hardening which is caused due to differential absorption of low and high energy photons of an x-ray beam as it passes through an object. Such beam hardening phenomena can give rise to cupping and streaking or dark band artifacts. Cupping artifacts arise when the x-rays passing through the middle portion of an object become hardened which causes a reduction in its attenuation rate resulting in an intense beam reaching the detector. Streaking is another common phenomenon where streaks or dark bands appear between two dense objects again due to the hardening effect. This is usually visualized in scans taken in bony regions (Barrett & Keat, 2004). The methods used to reduce artifacts due to beam hardening include filtration of low energy particles, calibration correction, and use of appropriate software algorithms to correct the hardening (Barrett & Keat, 2004; Huang, n.d; Petit et al, 2010). Presence of a heterogeneous tissue mix can result in a CT number that is an attenuation average of all tissue types which can in turn result in a partial volume artifact as bands or streaks. Presence of off-axis objects in the path of the x-ray beam can result in the appearance of shading artifacts in the scan image. Such artifacts can be avoided using thinner sections and image noise can be limited by combining thinner sections to form a thicker section (Barrett & Keat, 2004; Huang, n.d). This effect occurs in parts of the body where attenuation of the x-ray beam is greatest such as the shoulders and the hip. This results in low number of photons reaching the detector which causes noisy projections that are in turn magnified during the reconstruction

Investigating the Possibility of a Developmental Trend in the Way That Children Describe Themselves Essay Example for Free

Investigating the Possibility of a Developmental Trend in the Way That Children Describe Themselves Essay This version of Rosenberg’s research into children’s self-descriptions analysed data from semi-structured interviews with two children; Annie (8) and Kirsty (16). The data was interpreted to ascertain whether, as in Rosenberg’s research, children’s self-descriptions show evidence of a developmental progression and whether locus of self-knowledge shifts from other to self as children get older. Substantial support was found for Rosenberg’s theory that children’s self-descriptions become more complex with age and demonstrate a developmental trend. Some support was found for the idea that the locus of self-knowledge shifts from other to self with age but some of the children’s responses ran counter to expectation. Introduction A child’s sense of identity begins to form at a young age and develops throughout childhood. Eleanor Macoby (1980) pointed out that a sense of self emerges gradually as a child develops more complex understandings. Research shows that children differ in the way that they describe themselves at different ages. Bannister and Agnew (1977) and Harter (1983) found that as children get older they use more complex descriptions and include more references to emotions and attitudes. Younger children rely more on physical attributes, activities and preferences. Bannister and Agnew (1977) proposed that as children get older they become better able to ‘distinguish themselves psychologically’ from others (The Open University, 2009, p.20). Harter (1983) proposed that the way children describe themselves follows a developmental sequence which reflects the notion that identity develops in increments throughout childhood. Rosenberg (1979) focused part of his research into the self-concept on investigating this idea of a developmental trend in children’s sense of identity. He interviewed a sample of 8-18 year olds and created categories in which to sort the children’s responses. In keeping with the findings of Bannister and Agnew and Harter, Rosenberg found that younger children used mostly physical descriptions of themselves while older children relied more on character traits. As a result he concluded that ‘the self becomes less and less a perceptual object and more and more a conceptual trait system’ (Murphy (1947), as cited in The Open University, 2009, p.21). He found that, as children get older, they focus more on interpersonal traits and refer more frequently to relationships and inner qualities. Rosenberg also investigated what he called the ‘locus of self-knowledge’ – the extent to which children develop an ‘independent, self-reflective sense of self’ (The Open University, 2009, p.22). This was measured by asking children who knew them best, themselves or someone else. He found that younger children were more likely to claim that another, usually a parent, knew them better. Older children were more self-reliant when it came to judging themselves. Therefore, Rosenberg concluded that the locus of self-knowledge shifts with age from another to the self. Increased self-knowledge would result in more psychological self-descriptions so this relates to the idea of developmental progression being demonstrated in children’s self-descriptions. This study is based on Rosenberg’s research and is an analysis and interpretation of interview data. Children’s responses are allocated to Rosenberg’s categories in order to answer the research question: Do children’s self-descriptions show evidence of a developmental trend? This study will focus on answers to the ‘Who Am I?’ statements but will also pay attention to further interview responses to understand differences in the way children of different ages self-evaluate, view themselves and others and conceptualise an ideal self. This study also examines the concept of a locus of self-knowledge and asks: Does a child’s locus of self-knowledge shift from other to self with age? Method Design Rosenberg’s research design is employed in this study the responses from a semi-structured interview are compared. Participants The participants are Annie (8) and Kirsty (16), pupils from schools in the Milton Keynes area. They were recruited by the ED209 course team who asked school teachers for help in identifying willing participants. Materials A microphone and a video-recorder were used to amplify and record the interviews. Rosenberg’s semi-structured interview, with questions on self-description, self-evaluation, self and others, ideal self and locus-of self-knowledge was used. A sheet of A4 with the words ‘Who Am I?’ printed at the top and ten numbered lines beginning with ‘I’ was provided to enable participants to complete the written exercise. Adaptations of Rosenberg’s categories were used to analyse the responses to the Who Am I? exercise. The analysis of the ‘Who Am I?’ statements was presented on category analysis forms (appendix 1). A consent form was provided for the parents of the children to sign. Procedure The interviews took place in May 2005 during the day. Both children were interviewed by members of the ED209 course team in familiar rooms used by the schools. Annie was accompanied by a classroom assistant. The participants were told that they could stop the interviews at any time and were briefed as to the purpose of the research. A sound recordist and producer were present but efforts were made to ensure that neither they nor the equipment used inhibited the participants. Background noise was occasionally intrusive and recording halted. The final recording of the interviews was edited to ensure a smooth flow. The recorded interviews were listened to several times. The ‘Who Am I?’ statements were identified and transferred onto a pre-prepared category analysis form (appendix 1). The categories, Physical, Character, Relationships and Inner, were adapted from Rosenberg’s (see appendix 2). Each sentence read out by the interviewer was taken to constitute one statement. The statements were then coded. To ensure coding consistency, each statement was reviewed against the criteria for the inner category, then relationships, then character and then physical. Only if there was no way it could be said to fit within the ‘higher’ category was it pushed down. Even if it may have fitted within two categories, the fact that an order of review was applied meant that it would not be considered for a second category if it had already been allocated. Once the categories had been applied, the responses in each column were added up and the percentages calculated so that the results could be compared with Rosenberg’s findings. Next the detailed responses to the interview questions, including the locus of self-knowledge questions, were analysed in the context of Rosenberg’s research findings. The responses of the children were analysed to see if the same patterns were present. Ethics The data collected by the Open University ED209 course team was intended to comply with the BPS ethical code and principles. The children agreed to take part and their parents signed consent forms on their behalf. At the start of each interview the children were informed of their right to withdraw from the research and were told that they could ask for the recording to be stopped at any time. The purpose of the research and they way in which the data would be used was explained to them before the interviews began. Results The first research question was: Do children’s self-descriptions show evidence of a developmental trend? The second research question was: Does a child’s locus of self-knowledge shift from other to self with age? Table 1 shows a comparison between Annie and Kirsty’s self-descriptions. It shows that the majority (60%) of descriptors used by the younger child are about physical characteristics and activities and the remainder are character descriptors. She makes no reference to relationships or inner qualities. The majority of the older child’s responses relate to inner qualities (50%). She spreads the remainder of her descriptions across the physical, character and relationship categories. Self Evaluation When discussing their strengths and weaknesses, Kirsty focused far more on character and relationship descriptions than Annie, who focused on physical attributes, particularly for her weak points (‘my ears my legs’). However, Annie counted her friends as a strength and the fact that she likes ‘being myself’. Self and Others Annie’s awareness of similarity to others in her age group was centred on having the same likes and dislikes. She also identified differences between herself and others in this way. Kirsty talked about having the same experiences as others her own age but identified character and inner traits as distinguishing her from others. Ideal Self Annie’s notion of herself in later life was focused upon what job she might do and how else her time may be spent. Kirsty focused on the character traits that she hoped to have developed. Locus of Self-Knowledge The locus of self-knowledge responses were not straightforward as both participants gave ambiguous answers at times. Annie conceded that in some ways her mother would know her better than she knew herself and Kirsty insisted that her mother knew her just as well as she did herself. Discussion In the ‘Who Am I?’ data, it can be seen that, in accordance with Rosenberg’s findings, the majority (60%) of descriptors used by the younger child are about physical characteristics and activities. Rosenberg found that older children are more likely to use character traits to define the self. In this analysis, Kirsty actually uses a lower percentage of character descriptors than Annie, but this is influenced by the large percentage of inner descriptors used. The data in this study supports Rosenberg’s finding that older children referred more frequently to relationships. He also noticed that older children were more likely to reference inner qualities, which can be seen by the high percentage of Kirsty’s inner descriptors (50%). For the main part, the analysis of the self-description data supports Rosenberg’s findings. Rosenberg found that older children focused on interpersonal traits when describing their strengths and weaknesses. Kirsty’s responses follow this pattern but Annie also mentioned the large number of friends she has as a strength. She also said that ‘being myself’ was a strength which was interesting. The interviewer explored this a little more and she seemed to revert back to describing preferred activities. Further prompting, however, may have ascertained that by ‘being myself’ she meant that she was confident about who she was, which would be a character description. It is difficult to tell at this point if Annie lacks the ability to explain what she means which may affect the results. Rosenberg found that only 36% of 8 year olds mentioned interpersonal traits when talking about the person they would like to become, compared with 69% of 14-16 year olds. Annie and Kirsty’s responses fall into the majority pattern for their age group. Analysis of the data provides a positive answer to the research question, Do children’s self-descriptions show evidence of a developmental trend? The developmental trend as identified by Bannister and Agnew, Harter and Rosenberg, is characterised by younger children relying on physical attributes when describing themselves and older children being able to use more sophisticated and complex descriptions that focus more on psychological characteristics. The data in this study largely supports this theory. The evidence for the locus-of-self-knowledge shifting from other to self with age (as Rosenberg found) is less obvious. When asked about who knows her best at school Annie identifies teachers and parents as being the best judge of her performance, which supports the idea that the locus of self-knowledge in young children rests with another. However, when questioned further about who would be right if they had different answers about Annie’s maths performance, Annie’s responses indicate that she is the best judge of her ability. However, when questioned about her behaviour at home she places the locus of self-knowledge with her mother. Kirsty, somewhat surprisingly given her high percentage of references to inner qualities (indicating high self- knowledge), believes that her mother would know her just as well as she knows herself and explains that her mum has ‘pretty much figured me out’. She decides that any differences in answers about how she would behave at home would be a matter of different interpretations. It is possible that Kirsty is unsure about what is being asked and a reformulation of the questions might provoke different responses. Although Kirsty does not exactly place the locus of self-knowledge within herself, she does not place it with someone else either, and so the data does not, in itself, contradict Rosenberg’s theory. The analysis of the locus of self-knowledge responses produces some support for Rosenberg’s findings but it is not conclusive. However, it is important to remember that this is a sample of only two participants and so the data is not enough to prove or disprove his theory. Another limitation of this study is that the coding reliability was not checked. Coding was applied according to one person’s interpretation. Had the coding of the data been interpreted differently results may have been different for the self-descriptions data (see appendix 3 for alternative coding of Kirsty’s responses. In this instance the evidence in favour of a developmental trend in self-descriptions is present but less compelling). Another consideration lies with the ethics of the research. The issue of informed consent is often difficult in research with children. In the case of a young child, such as Annie, it is not clear that she fully understands the nature of the research, despite the fact that it is described in simpler terms than those used to explain it to Kirsty. It is also possible that the power-imbalance between the interviewers and the participants may prevent them from withdrawing from the interview, even if they are told that they can. Conclusion The results of this study provide support for the idea of a developmental progression in the way that children describe themselves, particularly the analysis of the ‘Who Am I?’ data. Qualitative analysis of the other interview questions, however, while showing some support for Rosenberg’s theory, also presents some deviation from expectations.

The Pathways of Pain Essay -- Medicine Medical Papers

The Pathways of Pain In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain (1). Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain was the responsibility of sorcerers, shamans, priests, and priestesses, who used herbs, rites, and ceremonies as their treatments. The Greeks and Romans were the first to advance a theory of sensation, the idea that the brain and nervous system have a role in producing the perception of pain. But it was not until the middle ages and well into the Renaissance-the 1400s and 1500s-that evidence began to accumulate in support of these theories. Leonardo da Vinci and his contemporaries came to believe that the brain was the central organ responsible for sensation. Da Vinci also developed the idea that the spinal cord transmits sensations to the brain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the study of the body and the senses continued to be a source of wonder for the world's philosophers. In 1664, the French philosopher Renà © Descartes described what to this day is still called a "pain pathway" (5). What prompted me to research about the various pain pathways was my grandmother's arthritis. She has suffered for many years with severe joint pain and in the past, has been treated with corticosteroids. Currently, she is taking Celebrex, (COX-2 inhibitor) which is a relatively new drug in the family of 'superaspirins'. What impressed... ...ds the promise of an even greater understanding of pain in the coming years. Their research offers a powerful weapon in the battle to prolong and improve the lives of people with pain: hope (1) . References 1)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ 2)American Pain Society http://www.ampainsoc.org/ 3)American Academy of Pain Management http://www.aapainmanage.org/ 4)PainNet.Inc http://www.pain.com/ 5)International Association for the Study of Pain http://www.halcyon.com/iasp 6)MayDay Pain Project, The. http://www.painandhealth.org/ 7)Pain Treatment: Janssen-Cilag Pharm. http://www.janssen-cilag.com/ 8)American Chronic Pain Organization http://www.theacpa.org/ 9)Rest Ministries Chronic Illness http://www.restministries.org/ 10)Worldwide Congress on Pain http://www.pain.com/ The Pathways of Pain Essay -- Medicine Medical Papers The Pathways of Pain In 1931, the French medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer wrote, "Pain is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself." Today, pain has become the universal disorder, a serious and costly public health issue, and a challenge for family, friends, and health care providers who must give support to the individual suffering from the physical as well as the emotional consequences of pain (1). Early humans related pain to evil, magic, and demons. Relief of pain was the responsibility of sorcerers, shamans, priests, and priestesses, who used herbs, rites, and ceremonies as their treatments. The Greeks and Romans were the first to advance a theory of sensation, the idea that the brain and nervous system have a role in producing the perception of pain. But it was not until the middle ages and well into the Renaissance-the 1400s and 1500s-that evidence began to accumulate in support of these theories. Leonardo da Vinci and his contemporaries came to believe that the brain was the central organ responsible for sensation. Da Vinci also developed the idea that the spinal cord transmits sensations to the brain. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the study of the body and the senses continued to be a source of wonder for the world's philosophers. In 1664, the French philosopher Renà © Descartes described what to this day is still called a "pain pathway" (5). What prompted me to research about the various pain pathways was my grandmother's arthritis. She has suffered for many years with severe joint pain and in the past, has been treated with corticosteroids. Currently, she is taking Celebrex, (COX-2 inhibitor) which is a relatively new drug in the family of 'superaspirins'. What impressed... ...ds the promise of an even greater understanding of pain in the coming years. Their research offers a powerful weapon in the battle to prolong and improve the lives of people with pain: hope (1) . References 1)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ 2)American Pain Society http://www.ampainsoc.org/ 3)American Academy of Pain Management http://www.aapainmanage.org/ 4)PainNet.Inc http://www.pain.com/ 5)International Association for the Study of Pain http://www.halcyon.com/iasp 6)MayDay Pain Project, The. http://www.painandhealth.org/ 7)Pain Treatment: Janssen-Cilag Pharm. http://www.janssen-cilag.com/ 8)American Chronic Pain Organization http://www.theacpa.org/ 9)Rest Ministries Chronic Illness http://www.restministries.org/ 10)Worldwide Congress on Pain http://www.pain.com/